Expertise socio-économique des populations affectées par le projet de barrage sur la rivière Atbara - Soudan (anglais)

DAM COMPLEX OF UPPER ATBARA PROJECT - SUDAN

SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF PRESENT SITUATION

January 2009

Christian Potin Consultant with contribution of Henri Bak for agricultural aspects and Françoise Estreguil for gender aspects (both of them consultants also)

(in the frame of SOGREAH’s Impact study for Dam Implementation Unit of Soudan)

=> pour accéder au rapport complet cliquer sur le lien ci-après

Impacts_Atbara_dam_project_Rap_socio_eco_CPotin_jan09vf

=> une présentation résumée en diaporama

Presentation_socio_economic_aspects_Atbara_dam_project_CPotin

=> Voir aussi album photos correspondant avec cartes sur le Blog :

(http://christianpotin.canalblog.com/albums/soudan_2008_haute_riviere_atbara_frontiere_erythree_ethiopie/index.html)

SUMMARY

1.     SOCIO-ECONOMIC APPRAISAL OF THE BASELINE SITUATION AND THE RESETTLEMENTS ISSUES.. 3

1.1.       ADMINISTRATIVE SET-UP AND INSTITUTIONS. 3

1.1.1.         ADMINISTRATIVE SET-UP OF THE STUDY AREA. 3

1.1.2.         MISSIONS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF LOCAL ADMINISTRATION. 3

1.1.2.1.    LOCALITY LEVEL. 3

1.1.2.2.    ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT LEVEL. 4

1.1.2.3.    LOCAL COMMITTEES LEVEL. 4

1.1.3          NATIVE ADMINISTRATION. 5

1.1.4          POLITICAL PARTIES. 6

1.2.       POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHIC FEATURES. 7

1.2.1.         DEFINITIONS AND CONCEPTS. 7

1.2.2.         HISTORICAL BENCHMARKS AND ETHNICITY. 8

1.2.3.         DEMOGRAPHIC FEATURES. 13

1.2.3.1.    POPULATION ESTIMATE. 13

1.2.3.2.    POPULATION GROWTH. 15

1.2.3.3.    POPULATION STRUCTURE ACCORDING TO AGE AND SEX. 16

1.2.3.4.    MARITAL STATUS. 17

1.2.3.5.    LITERACY LEVELS. 17

1.2.1.6.    HOUSING STANDARDS. 17

1.3         SOCIO-ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES. 20

1.3.1          ACCESS ROADS AND TRUCKS. 20

1.3.2          HEALTH. 20

1.3.2.1.    HEALTH UNITS AND SERVICES. 20

1.3.2.2.    PREVAILING DISEASES. 20

1.3.3          EDUCATION. 21

1.3.4          WATER AND ENERGY SUPPLY. 21

1.4.       SOCIO-ANTHROPOLOGICAL STRUCTURE. 22

1.4.1.         DOMESTIC UNITS (OUSRAH/HUSH) 22

1.4.2.         KINSHIP SYSTEM.. 24

1.4.3.         DESCENT GROUPS (‘AÏLA) 26

1.4.4.         TRIBES AND SUB-TRIBES. 28

1.4.4.1.    ARAB TRIBES AND SUB-TRIBES. 28

1.4.4.2.    BEJA TRIBES AND SUB-TRIBES. 28

1.4.4.3.    PROBLEMATIC TRIBE IDENTIFICATION OF WEST AFRICAN ETHNIC GROUPS. 29

1.4.5           MARRIAGE SYSTEMS. 30

1.4.6.         RELIGIOUS BROTHERHOODS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 31

1.4.7.         GRASSROOTS REPRESENTATIVE AND LOCAL LEADERS. 32

1.5.       LOCAL COMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION CHANNELS. 33

1.6.       GENDER ISSUES. 34

1.6.1.         FAMILY AND WOMAN FUNCTION. 34

1.6.1.1.    FAMILY DECISION CENTER. 34

1.6.1.2.    STATUS OF THE WOMAN AND SOCIAL REPRODUCTION. 34

1.6.1.3.    RELIGION AND SUPERSTITION. 35

1.6.1.4.    HEALTH AND FAMILY PLANNING. 36

1.6.1.5.    EDUCATION AND SCHOOL. 37

1.6.1.6.    HOUSEHOLD ACTIVITIES. 38

1.6.2.         ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES. 39

1.6.2.1.    WOOD AND WATER. 39

1.6.2.2.    CROPPING SYSTEM AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. 39

1.6.2.3.    HANDICRAFT AND OTHERS ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES. 40

1.6.3.         ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIORS. 40

1.6.3.1.    CHANGE AND CONTINUITY, EVOLUTION AND FUTURE. 40

1.6.3.2.    ATTITUDE AND BEHAVIOR VIS A VIS TRADITIONAL AND MODERN VALUES AND BELIEF. 41

1.6.3.3.    ATTITUDE AND BEHAVIOR TOWARD THE FAMILY MODEL. 41

1.6.3.4.    SPECIAL POINT OF VIEW OF THE TEENAGERS ON THEIR FUTURE. 41

1.6.4.         CONCLUSION : WOMEN ATTITUDE VIS-À-VIS THE DAM PROJECT. 42

1.7.       LAND-USES AND TENURE. 43

1.7.1.         AGRICULTURAL LAND USE. 43

1.7.2.         LAND TENURE AND LAND RIGHTS IN THE STUDY AREA. 44

1.8.       AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES AND PRODUCTION.. 46

1.8.1.         CROPPING SYSTEMS. 46

1.8.1.1.    VARIETIES AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC FUNCTIONS OF THE MAIN CROPS. 46

1.8.1.2.    CROP CALENDAR AND AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES. 48

1.8.1.3.    INPUTS AND LABOR. 49

1.8.1.4.    MAIN CROPPING SYSTEMS : YIELDS AND FINANCIAL RESULTS. 49

1.8.3.         LIVESTOCK SYSTEMS. 52

1.8.3.1.    CATTLE. 54

1.8.3.2.    SHEEP AND GOATS. 55

1.8.3.2.    CAMELS. 56

1.8.4.         MARKETING.. 57

1.8.5.         MAIN FARMING SYSTEMS. 59

1.8.5.1.    TRADITIONAL FARMS SIZE. 60

1.8.5.2.    TRADITIONAL FARMS INCOME. 60

1.9.       NON AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES AND INCOME. 63

1.10.     FIRST ELEMENTS OF VILLAGES ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE PROJECT. 63